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🌡️ Case Report: Atopic Cytokine-Mediated Fever in a 13-Year-Old Boy (A Hidden Cause of FUO)

MasterPediatrics.com | Clinical Case Series




📝 Introduction

Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO) is one of the most challenging clinical presentations in pediatrics. When routine investigations come back normal, clinicians often consider infectious, autoimmune, and malignant causes.
However, immune-mediated atopic cytokine fever is a lesser-known, benign but prolonged cause of recurrent fever—especially in children with underlying allergic sensitization.

This case highlights a 13-year-old male with FUO, normal routine labs, markedly elevated IgE, and a strongly positive Phadiatop inhalant allergen screen. The final diagnosis was atopic cytokine-mediated fever, an often overlooked but important differential diagnosis in persistent fever.




👦 Case Summary

Patient Profile

Age: 13 years

Sex: Male

Location: Bihar, India

Duration of symptoms: >4 months





Chief Complaint

Recurrent high-grade fever (101–103°F) for 4 months, with sudden defervescence without sweating, and no identifiable focus.




🔍 Clinical History

Fever occurred every 5–10 days

Episodes lasted 1–2 days

Fever would drop abruptly

No cough, cold, rash, joint pain, abdominal pain

No weight loss or night sweats

No history of asthma, eczema, or allergic rhinitis

Child remained active between fever episodes





🩺 Physical Examination

Afebrile during evaluation

Normal vitals

No lymphadenopathy

No organomegaly

Chest/abdomen/CNS exam normal





🧪 Investigations

Complete Blood Count

TLC: 4,430 /cu.mm (Normal)

Neutrophils: 54.5%

Lymphocytes: 33.7%

Platelets: 3.19 lakh


No eosinophilia.
No inflammatory changes.




Inflammatory Markers

ESR: Normal

CRP: Normal





Immunology Profile

Total IgE

1399.5 IU/mL (Normal <150 IU/mL)
→ Indicates marked hyper-IgE and a strong atopic tendency.


Phadiatop Inhalant Allergen Screen

13.10 kUA/L (Normal <0.35 kUA/L)
→ Strongly positive for inhalant allergens.


These results confirm subclinical atopy even without visible allergic symptoms.




🧠 Differential Diagnosis Considered

Ruled Out

Dengue, typhoid

TB

Autoimmune disorders

JIA

Malignancies (ALL/lymphoma)

Chronic bacterial foci

Parasitic infections


All ruled out due to normal systemic labs and clinical findings.




🌈 Final Diagnosis

Atopic Cytokine-Mediated Fever

A fever pattern driven by:

Hyper-IgE state

Cytokine surges (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13)

Inflammatory response to allergens or minor viral triggers


Characteristic features:

Sudden high fever

Sudden cooling

No sweating

Normal blood counts

Positive allergen sensitization





💊 Treatment Plan

1. Anti-Allergic Therapy

Montelukast 5 mg OD

Levocetirizine 5 mg HS
Duration: 6–12 weeks





2. Immunomodulation

Vitamin D: Weekly high-dose × 6 weeks then daily maintenance

Omega-3 fatty acids: 250–500 mg/day

Probiotic (Lactobacillus GG): 1–2 weeks





3. Environmental Allergen Control

Dust-free bedroom

Remove carpets & stuffed toys

Control dampness/mold

Improve ventilation

Keep pets out of child’s room





4. Fever Management

Paracetamol for comfort

No antibiotics unless clear infection

Adequate oral hydration





📈 Outcome & Follow-Up

At 4-week follow-up:

Fever episodes reduced significantly

No high-grade spikes

Improved appetite and sleep

Parents reassured

Consideration for allergen immunotherapy if symptoms recur





🧠 Discussion

This case demonstrates that atopy may present as fever alone, especially in adolescents with hyper-reactive immune systems. Elevated IgE and a positive Phadiatop panel provide critical clues.

Clinicians should consider atopic cytokine fever when:

Routine labs are normal

Fever resolves suddenly

There are no signs of infection

IgE is significantly elevated


Recognizing this pattern prevents:

Unnecessary antibiotics

Unnecessary imaging

Invasive testing

Parental anxiety





📚 Conclusion

This adolescent boy’s prolonged fever was ultimately traced to immune-mediated atopic cytokine response, not infection.
The case underscores the importance of including atopy in FUO differentials, especially when IgE levels are high and allergen sensitization is present.




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