Most Common Causes of Red-Colored Urine 2025

1. Hematuria:

• Glomerular: Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy
• Non-glomerular: Stones, infections, trauma, tumors

1. Hemoglobinuria:

• Hemolysis (e.g., G6PD deficiency, sickle cell disease)
• Severe infections (malaria, sepsis)

1. Myoglobinuria:

• Rhabdomyolysis (trauma, vigorous exercise)

1. Drugs:

• Rifampin, phenazopyridine, laxatives (senna), beets (food pigments)

1. Metabolic Disorders:

• Porphyria
• Alkaptonuria

1. Others:

• Dehydration (concentrated urine mimicking red)
• Menstrual contamination

Approach for Evaluation of a Child with Headache

1. History:

• Onset and pattern: Acute vs. chronic, episodic vs. progressive
• Location: Frontal, occipital, bilateral
• Quality: Throbbing, pressure-like, stabbing
• Duration: Minutes to days
• Associated symptoms: Nausea, vomiting, photophobia, fever, seizures
• Triggers: Stress, sleep deprivation, certain foods, exertion
• Red flags: Early morning headaches, neurological deficits, personality changes

1. Examination:

• Vitals: Blood pressure, pulse
• Neurological exam: Cranial nerves, motor, sensory, reflexes, gait
• Fundoscopy: Check for papilledema
• Head and neck: Sinus tenderness, neck stiffness

1. Investigations:

• Basic labs: CBC, ESR/CRP (inflammatory markers)
• Neuroimaging: MRI/CT if red flags are present
• Lumbar puncture: If meningitis or increased intracranial pressure suspected

1. Common Diagnoses:

• Migraine: Pulsating, photophobia, nausea, aura
• Tension headache: Bilateral, dull, tight sensation
• Secondary causes: Meningitis, hydrocephalus, intracranial mass, hypertension

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